Medication for Autism and ADHD
Parents of children and adolescents who suffer from co-occurring ASD and ADHD report high levels of use of medication. However, research on psychopharmacological treatments is limited in both number and type.
Risperidone and aripiprazole, also called Risperdal and Abilify are the only drugs that have been approved by the FDA to be used by children with autism for reduction of irritability and aggressive behavior. But some other drugs can also prove beneficial.
Antipsychotics
Research on co-occurring ADHD symptoms and ASD remains limited, despite the growing interest. A variety of psychosocial therapies are available for each disorder, but few studies have characterized treatment effectiveness in the context of co-occurring symptoms. It is crucial to gain a better understanding of the interplay between co-occurring disorders and how they change over time. This will inform both pharmacological as well as psychosocial treatments.
Many people with ASD suffer from ADHD and other mental conditions such as depression or anxiety. Several psychosocial treatments exist for these disorders, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy, and family therapy. These psychosocial treatments could be more effective than pharmacological treatments for some people with co-occurring ADHD and ASD.
For core ASD symptoms like poor social communication skills and rigid thinking, non-drug interventions are usually preferred. These include peer support groups and behavioral training. The use of medication can help with comorbid ADHD/ASD symptoms such as irritability, aggression, or disruptive mood dysregulation. However Atypical antipsychotics haven't been shown to improve the core ASD symptoms and the evidence supporting these drugs is weak at best.
Current hypotheses suggest symptoms of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and ADHD are caused by abnormalities in neurotransmitter pathways, especially ones that involve glutamate, dopamine and serotonin.2 These changes affect the prefrontal cortex, mesocorticolimbic, which is involved in the regulation of emotions and behavior control.
Some of these abnormalities are believed to be due to a decrease in activity in specific brain regions, including the striatum. To treat ADHD and ASD, several medications that modulate dopamine or glutamate levels are being studied.
A variety of types are being investigated for treatment of the comorbid ADHD symptoms and ASD and ASD, including risperidone as well as aripiprazole and domperidone. The development of a consensus name for dopamine antagonists is in the process of being developed.
Antipsychotics are just like any other medication. The best available data on aripiprazole and risperidone in adults suffering from ASD and ADHD are based on randomized controlled trials. These trials used crossover, parallel and withdrawal designs. In general, the drugs perform better than placebo in reducing aggression and irritability and enhancing the functioning. The medications are generally well-tolerated. One-third of those who take these medications will find that the medication is effective for almost all of their symptoms. The remaining two-thirds of patients may only experience a slight improvement.
Stimulants
Despite the fact that no medical treatment is generally recommended for autism, medications may be beneficial for some children and adults. Antipsychotics can reduce anxiety and self-injurious behavior while stimulants like methylphenidate (which helps with ADHD symptoms) can improve concentration. However, they don't address core autism behaviors such as repetitive and restricted interests or difficulties communicating. Many children and adults with autism also suffer from mental health issues such as anxiety, depression or mood disorders. These conditions can interfere with daily functioning.
Autism can also cause irritability in children and adults. medication for inattentive adhd can cause outbursts and self-injury, as well as difficulties with routines or transitions. Risperdal (Risperdal), and aripiprazole, (Abilify), are the only drugs that have been approved to treat autism-related irritation. The drugs are believed to affect the brain's dopamine receptor, which is involved in emotions and decision-making.
The most frequently prescribed ADHD medications are methylphenidate products such as Ritalin and mixed amphetamine salts which increase dopamine activity in the frontal lobe regions of the brain. Some studies suggest that these drugs are as effective in patients with autism and ADHD as they are for those who have pure ADHD However, other studies suggest that they are less beneficial. It's important that parents discuss with their doctor if the benefits of these drugs outweigh any potential side effects.
Some researchers believe that second-line ADHD medications such as atomoxetine or Guanfacine, could be more effective in decreasing ADHD symptoms among people with autism. These medications are believed to work by interfering with the dopamine-norepinephrine axis, which is associated with motivation and mood.
The therapist and psychiatrist for Connor are striving to teach him how to be social and help him manage his fears. But even with these interventions hyperactivity and inattention can get in the way of his development. So his family decided to test an ADHD medication to help him focus.
After three months, he's more focused in school and his daily activities. And his parents are seeing that he's able to follow instructions better, pay attention when someone speaks to him and take part in group activities. His mother says that the medication is a lifesaver.
Benzodiazepines
The benzodiazepines comprise a category of drugs that slow the central nervous system, resulting in sleepiness and a calm mood. These drugs are used to treat a variety of ailments, including anxiety disorders, seizures, and insomnia. They target specific GABA receptors (gamma aminobutyric acid) which is a neurotransmitter that inhibits brainwaves and communication between neurons. By keeping GABA receptors open for longer and allowing them to be opened more frequently, benzodiazepines increase inhibition and stop excitatory neuron overactivity. The theory is that characteristic autism-related behaviors are caused by a mismatch between the excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the brain. This theory is backed by animal models, which show that clonazepam is able to reverse autism-related behaviors in mice suffering from Dravet Syndrome, a form of epilepsy.
Anxiety is a frequent comorbid condition in people with autism spectrum disorders. In some instances, anxiety can be the cause of self-injurious or aggressive behavior. In other instances, it's a response to sensory issues that make life difficult and can trigger anxiety.
Treatment choices include antidepressants, which are believed to enhance self-esteem and coping abilities by increasing the level of the chemical norepinephrine that is found in the brain. They also decrease the reuptake of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine. This helps to reduce irritability and anxiety. Atypical antipsychotics like risperidone and aripiprazole are able to aid people suffering from autism, aggression, irritability and Tourette syndrome.
Melatonin may improve the quality and duration of sleep for people with ASD. There aren't any controlled studies for this group. Methylphenidate is effective in treating ADHD symptoms in children who have ASD, but it's not as effective as it is in generally developing children.
Treatments for autism and ADHD can be dangerous when not used correctly. The most important thing to do is consult with your physician to find the best dosage and medication for your child or teenager. Always adhere to medication for autism and adhd on the label of the medication. Do not stop or begin taking your medication suddenly, as this could be extremely risky. If you suspect you or someone you know has taken too much, seek medical attention immediately. Keep track of your child's weight and height frequently, along with their menstrual cycle, to ensure that the medication doesn't cause undesirable adverse side effects.
Medication Options
Both of these conditions are common among children with autism. Medication is often part of the treatment plan for both. The most commonly used to treat ADHD -- methylphenidate (Ritalin) amphetamines (Adderall, Vyvanse), atomoxetine (Strattera) and Guanfacine (Intuniv, Tenex) -are effective in treating the hyperactivity and impulsivity associated with autism.
In addition, certain children with autism are susceptible to severe irritability and aggression and these signs are difficult to manage using behavior strategies on their own. Abilify and Risperdal are medications that can reduce aggressiveness as well as self-injury. They work by affecting the neurotransmitter dopamine. These medications have not been approved by the FDA for use with children with autism. However they may be prescribed 'off-label' to treat specific symptoms.
It is essential parents talk to their pediatricians whether medication is appropriate for their child. Numerous studies have shown that children who are taking ADHD medication to treat autism that coexists can have better quality of life both at home and in school, and can make significant progress in academics and behavior.
Psychiatrists are trained to assist children who suffer from the symptoms of ADHD and autism. They can recommend behavior-oriented parent training that involves manuals and classes that teach parents how to minimize disruptive behaviors. They can also provide psychosocial treatments that focus on improving relationships and communication between family members.
Some families, however, prefer using medication to control their child's behavior. Certain parents find that antipsychotics have a soothing effect on their child which can reduce irritability and aggression.
Similar to the above as many children with autism also suffer from mental health issues that hinders their ability to learn and function, like depression or anxiety. These disorders are frequently co-occurring and can hinder the effectiveness of therapy. For these children that have a variety of disorders, a combination of therapy and medication could be beneficial. This approach is particularly helpful for children with severe autism or who do not respond to other therapies.