ADHD UK Medication
ADHD medications are classified as 'controlled medications' and require a specialist physician to prescribe them. These stimulants include the methylphenidate (Ritalin and Concerta) and amphetamines salts and the atomoxetine.
Talk therapy and other non-medical treatments is generally recommended as well. Medications can help manage symptoms, but they do not alter long-standing negative coping strategies.
Methylphenidate
Methylphenidate is the most well-known ADHD medication prescribed in the UK is also used to treat narcolepsy as well as other psychiatric disorders. It is also prescribed for narcolepsy, and other mental disorders. It is available in immediate-release tablets as well as extended-release capsules. The extended-release version is slower to dissolve and has long-lasting effects. It is prescribed for a short period of time and the dosage is determined by the individual's symptoms.
In general, stimulant drugs boost the activity of parts of the brain that regulate attention and behavior. They are often called "cognitive enhancers" and help people to focus, pay attention and remain on task. Methylphenidate increases activity in the regions of the brain that are not active in people with ADHD. It also enhances your body's energy use. It is marketed as Ritalin.
A recent study found the UK has seen an eight-fold increase in the number of prescriptions for methylphenidate in the past two decades. This is a major public health issue and may suggest that ADHD is being overdiagnosed in the UK. Researchers looked at information from the Clinical Practice Research Database, which contains information on all NHS patients who were registered in England with a GP from 1992 to 2013. The study examined the use of medications classified as CNS stimulants and approved for ADHD in the British National Formulary. This includes atomoxetine, methylphenidate (including immediate release methylphenidate as well as the methylphenidate extended release) dexamphetamine, and its derivative lisdexamfetamine, as well as modafinil. Pemoline, which is no longer available in the UK due to liver toxicity, was excluded from the study.
The researchers found that methylphenidate was by far the most popular medication prescribed to children 5 and under, with almost quarter of children having been prescribed it. Despite the fact that National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NIHCE) guidelines suggest medication only as an initial treatment option for children with severe ADHD symptoms, this is what was observed. Alternatively, they recommend that parents consider psychological intervention instead.
The results suggest that the increase in methylphenidate prescriptions is partially due to the availability of mental health services but it could also be due to the increased recognition of ADHD among young people and a growing desire to seek diagnosis and treatment. There are also likely to instances of improper prescribing methylphenidate for adolescents and young adults.
Atomoxetine
Atomoxetine is a selective noradrenaline receptor inhibitor (SNRI) used to treat ADHD in children and adolescents. It is also used to treat the comorbidity symptoms of anxiety. It is not a stimulant and it has low potential for abuse. It has been proven effective in clinical studies and is a good alternative for children who are not responding well to stimulants. The long-term safety is unknown.
Atomoxetine is different from other ADHD medications. It increases the amount of a chemical called noradrenaline within the brain. This chemical is responsible for sending messages between nerve cell and increasing its levels can improve concentration and control impulses. It is available in capsules and is taken once a daily. The medication is usually used in conjunction with other treatments, including psychological therapy, educational support, and cognitive therapy for behavioural problems.
In one study, atomoxetine was found to be more effective than placebo in improving ADHD symptoms. This drug is well tolerated and has a lower side effect risk than stimulants especially in children. Additionally, a recent cost-effectiveness analysis revealed that treatment algorithms that included the initial use of atomoxetine were less expensive than those that used methylphenidate or dexamfetamine.
This drug is linked to serious side effects like suicidal feelings. Speak to your doctor immediately if you child exhibits these signs. In addition, atomoxetine can interact with certain medicines, including monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) like phenelzine. If your child is taking MAOIs, you should stop the medication and ask your physician to recommend a suitable alternative.
Certain people may experience feeling of fatigue, a loss of appetite, or stomach discomfort. These side effects may be mild or severe depending on the person. Atomoxetine can be linked to a serious but rare condition called hepatic dysfunction, which can lead to liver failure. In certain instances it can be fatal. It is important to consult your physician if you've had liver problems or any other health issues in the past.
Tell your doctor all of the medications you take, including supplements and herbal remedies. This includes prescription and over-the counter medicines, vitamins and minerals. It is essential to inform your doctor if you are taking any other ADHD medications, like methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine. Tell your doctor if either you or your child is nursing, pregnant or is considering becoming pregnant.
Dexamfetamine
Dexamfetamine, a stimulant, is used to treat ADHD among adults. It can improve concentration and attention, decrease the impulsive behavior and improve mood. It is a drink or as a capsule or solution. It is important that you follow the instructions of your physician. Taking too much or stopping abruptly could cause problems. It is not recommended to operate or drive when you take this medication. It is also illegal to carry the medication without a prescription. You must always have proof that you have been prescribed it, such as a repeat prescription form or a patient information leaflet. It is also recommended to carry your medication to work or to school with you, in the event it's required during the day.
Dexamfetamine should be taken with caution in patients with epilepsy history as it could lower the threshold of convulsive activity. It is not recommended for patients with a history of cardiac or blood vessel disorders, such as coronary heart disease or high blood pressure. It is not recommended to use during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. It is excreted into breast milk, and therefore there is a potential risk for the infant.
If symptoms of ADHD get worse, a check-up with the doctor is recommended. This will allow the prescriber to determine if the condition is controlled by medication and if medication is appropriate. This will allow the doctor to change dosages or switch to alternative treatments if necessary.
A doctor will begin the patient with a lower dosage and gradually increase it to ensure they are getting the right dosage. It is also recommended to take the tablets at the same time each day, and ideally with food. This will help to keep track of tablets and decrease the possibility of missing an dose.
Psychoeducation and therapy may be beneficial to people suffering from ADHD as well as medication. This can help children, teens and adults understand their condition and figure out how to manage it. Therapy can also help them deal with additional problems, such as depression or anxiety. Psychoeducation is a combination between professional and educational materials and therapeutic therapy. It can be either behavioural or cognitive.
Modafinil
Modafinil is a wakefulness-promoting prescription drug that reduces extreme sleepiness that accompanies conditions such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and shift work sleep disorder. It is also a possibility to use off-label to treat symptoms of ADHD for adults who are 18 years older or more. However, it isn't specifically approved for this use and should only be taken under the supervision of a physician. It is only available with a prescription and should be kept in a secure location away from children. It is essential to adhere to the instructions on your prescription label and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any aspect of the medication you are unable to comprehend.
The NHS website describes modafinil as being a central nervous system stimulant that helps prevent excessive sleepiness during the daytime. Modafinil is prescribed to treat the condition of narcolepsy. It is widely used for people with Parkinson's Disease, Multiple Sclerosis and fatigue caused by sleep apnea/hypopnea, or shift work. Executives, students and military personnel who need to stay alert are also popular users.
In a recent survey, one in five UK students admitted to taking an "smart-drug" to improve their focus during their exams. Jack Rivlin, 24, editor of the student newspaper The Tab in Farringdon, London and told BBC Newsbeat that he had purchased modafinil through an offshore website for PS130 last year to aid in his revision.
He admits that modafinil has helped him keep track of his notes and help him pass his test, even though he does not believe that it will make him smarter. It's important to keep in mind that these drugs aren't magic bullets and can have serious side effects.
In addition to its wakefulness-promoting effects, modafinil can increase the risk of cardiovascular problems in some patients, especially those with heart disease. Modafinil may also interfere negatively with certain medications like antidepressants or sedatives. You may also develop withdrawal symptoms and become dependent on the medication if you suddenly stop taking it.
Modafinil, along with methylphenidate and Atomoxetine, is classified as a class B substance. This means that it is illegal to possess, distribute, or sell. If adhd medication and pregnancy are caught, you may face up to five years in jail.